Mise-à-jour le 25 March 2024,
3 minutes de lecture
USA : Domestic Challenges Overview 50s-90s
Context
Jim Crow Laws in the South : Segregated facilities, poll taxes and literacy tests
CORE - congress of racial equality is extablished
African Americans Struggle for civil rights
Personal Courage : Emmett Till
Direct Non-Violent Action
Rosa Park : Refuses to give up her seat : Montgomery bus boycott
NAACP elects Martin Luther King Jr. Cripples the local economy
SCLC
Sit-Ins by the SNCC student NonViolent Coordinating Committee (SNIK)
College students received nonviolence training
Students sat at whites only lunch counters and refused to leave
When they were arrested, others would take their place
They faced violence by white patrons
Extreme reactions such as using fire hoses against them, or police dogs
Brown V Board of Education (1954)
NAACP Lawyer, Thurgood Marshall and future SCOTUS Chief Justice
One Strategy was to use the federal court system
March on Washington and the Civil Rights Act of 1964
March on Washington - 08/1963 for jobs and freedom; a push for civil rights legislation
150 000 people on the mall
Freedom Summer 1964 and the voting Rights Act of 1965
Freedom Summer : SCLC, SNCC, CORE, & the NAACP worked to register voters in Mississippi
Southern white supremacists were violent & murdered activists
A protest march from Selma to Montgomery was met by state troopers with tear gas and beatings.
“Bloody Sunday”
Filmed & Televised
Changing tactics and challenges to nonviolence
Black Power : Stokely Carmichael SNCC leader
Focus on Vietnam
MLK pivoted to poverty and the Vietnam war; “millions of dollars can be spent every day to hold troops in South Vietnam and our country cannot protect the rights of Negros”
Turmoil in 1968
Tet offensice : Vietnamese launch the attack; creates the credibility gap for Johnson
MLK was assacinated
Presidential candidate Robert F Kennedy was assassinated
Democratic convention in Chicago : Vietnam War protests, police brutality
Richard Nixon won the presidency
Kent State - May 1970
Students were protesting the expansion of the war into Cambodia
Protests escalated and the National Guard was called in order to establish peace
Women Call for expanded civil rights
1950s Cult of domesticity
Betty Friedan wrote __The Feminine Mystique__ 1963 women are unhappy and have more potential
National Organization for Women (NOW) organized like the NAACP
Equal Pay Act 1963 aimed at stopping discrimination based on sex
Title IX 1972 prohibits sex-based discrimination in education that receives public funds
Equal Rights Amendment ERA defeated by STOP ERA led by Phyllis Schlaflyn
Birth Control & Reproductive Rights
1960 : FDA approves the birth control pill
LGBTQ+
Aids & direct action
AIDS in the US in the 1980s
1000 000 people died in the US of AIDS in the 1980s
ACT UP : AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power : direct nonviolent political action to fight for resources for AIDS treatment
Conclusion
Requires work to organize a group
Use of nonviolent direct action
Pressure on the government to take legislative action
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