NANO-ck
Mise-à-jour le 25 March 2024,
11 minutes de lecture
Territorial Dynamics, Cooperation & Tensions in Globalization
Plan
Introduction : What is Globalization ?
Globalization : The increasing interconnectedness of the world economically, culturally, and politically. The current phase is developing out of internationalism
This includes the increasing integration of :
All in one GLOBAL MARKET PLACE
Global Scale : The scale of the world, involving the entire world
Regional Scale : The scale of a region, involving a region
New International Division of Labor (NIDL) : The process where the assemblage of a product is split up into different parts, which are then outsourced to different regions
Importance of Trade : Trade is the most vital element in growth
Why has trade accelerated ?
Peace
GATT/WTO - average tariffs today are 1/10 of those in 1947
Technical, technological and structural changes (“transport & communication revolution”)
80s => Reagan/Thatcher deregulation
90s => Integration of USSR
Opening up of China & India
Trade Blocks
EU
NAFTA (1994) / USMCA (2020)
Free Trade Agreement between USA, Canada, & Mexico
MERCOSUR (1991)
Free Trade Agreement between Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, & Uruguay
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
I. Actors of Globalization
1.1 States
States finance development
Ex : Development of a port
Without the states, nothing would be happening
They are negociating and breaking down barriers
1.2 Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
Major role
Driving force in terms of foreign direct investment
They are the ones who are investing in other countries (Ex : They put their factories in those countries)
1.3 The other actors
World Bank, World Trade Organization
Capital flow
Mafia (Ex : Drug trafficking)
II. Globalization Flows
2.1 Population Flows
In 2020, 272 million migrants
Just over 3% of the world’s population
Migration from one country to another
Job opportunities
Requires larger airports
Internet networks (Transport & communication)
2.2 Intangible flows
Flows that we can’t touch
Capital flows
Information flows
Remittences
2.3 Flows of goods
Container shipping
Maritime flows
Air transport
III. At the heart of globalization
3.1 Conditions for attractiveness
In order to be part of globalization, you need to be attractive.
You must attract :
Money
Foreign direct investment
People don’t want to build a factory :
In a warzone
In a bankrupted zone
Where the internet network isn’t developped
Where there aren’t a lot of people (workforce)
Where the maritime zones aren’t present or developped
Where there’s no ressources
3.2 The driving forces of globalization
Territories must be a driving force of globalization
Must concentrate activities
Does it have newspaper, television, museums
Headquarters, offices
Impulse center
Territory which concentrates activities of command
Presence of political decisions maker
Economic commands
Ex : New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Paris La défense
Other driving forces
Medias : Television, newspapers
Newly Industrialised Countries
China, India, Russia, Indonesia, Malaysia…
More and more integrated in globalization
They capture globalization flows to recover or develop
Small countries : Triad countries
80% of the world’s GDP
They concentrate the large majority of FDI
More free trade
3.3 Global Scale
Communication technology
Internet
Social networks
Mobile phones
Transport technology
Asian Tigers, AKA dragons
Hong Kong
Singapore
South Korea
Taiwan
Also NICs
Since the 90s, these countries have been developing at a high speed
We can measure the development with GDP per capita and the HDI
HDI : Mix different data, taking into consideration the life expectancy and education
HDI rated from 0 to 1, 1 being the highest
Gini coefficient : Measures the inequality of a country
0 : Perfect equality
1 : Perfect inequality
Territories at a global scale
Trade is always an advantage for a country
Countries can specialize in what they have the most capacities for
They can produce based on their ressources
Competitive advantage
Ex : There is no point for Norway to export Vanilla
3.4 Regional Scale
Regional maritime areas
70% of the earth’s surface
Widely under explore
Very deep
80% of human being in the world less than 100km from the coastline
World’s major cities are built around rivers
25% of world’s production of oil and gas comes from offshore territories
Oceans are more a more a source of renewable energy
Offshore wind farms
Tidal energy (Energy generated by water)
Biological ressources
Jobs linked to ocean (around 1M)
Fishing
Cruise ships
Maintenance of underwater internet cables
Regional transport networks
Airports
High speed trains
Motorways
Maritime routes
Typical container ship
400m long
60m wide
24m deep
20 000 containers
Underwater
Internet flows
95% of internet flows are under water
Gaz pipelines
Electricity cables
3.5 Local Scale
Cities & global cities
Global cities are cities that are at the heart of globalization
Decision/impulse centers
Headquarters for TNCs
Majority of these global cities are located in the Triads (northern hemisphere)
Their influence goes beyond their borders
Relatively populated cities
Interconnectedness
IV. Territories integrating globalization
4.1 Global Scale
Territories are including globalization more locally
Ex : A city is integrating globalization
4.2 Regional Scale
4.3 Local Scale
V. Territories on the edge of globalization
5.1 Unequal integration in globalization
LDCs : Less Developped Countries
Mainly located in Africa
They are not integrated in globalization
Territories are never immune to globalization
Everyone is connecting everywhere in the world, but to a different extent
If you’re not a driver of globalization, “on se fait marcher dessus”
The stability of the country is important to be a driver of globalization
5.2 Unequal value of territories
Living conditions
5.3 The impact of globalization on societies
5.4 Global Scale
5.5 Regional Scale
5.6 Local Scale
Rivers are important routes for goods
Major cities are around rivers
Demographics of the United States
Population
Strong base up to 60/70yo
Population isn’t equally distributed
More people on the coasts
Less people in more isolated regions
People from the United States are moving to the south
Significant increase in Hispanic/Latino immigrants
ispanics cross the border between Mexico & the US
Inequality : USA
In 2020, 37 million people lived in Poverty USA. That means the poverty rate for 2020 was 11.4%
In 2021, 27 million people - or 8.3% of the population - did not have health insurance at any point during the year
Highest regional poverty in the South : Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi
The USA in the world - A complete power contributing to Globalization
A large and diverse population
A vaste territory and source of wealth (9M km^2 with Alaska and Hawaii)
A diverse territory that offers many possibilities
3 large maritime seaboards
Rich sooil and subsoil
A territory under control
The US : A major global power
High GDP growth
In many ways : the only world’s superpower today
Soft power : Many people still look up at the US
Cultural influence in spread through soft power
Ths US : A hyperpower
NY
Part of the Atlantic Magalopolis which concentrates 45M people
The core of the US along with LA
Symbol of American Power
The importance of US interfaces : The Eastern Seaboard
Near the sun belt
Major trade blocks
Lots of main harbors, mixed with the resources
Economic competition
The US is experiencing more and more economic competitors especially since 2007 - 2008, the effects of the economic crisis have been felt lastingly
The weight of the trading blocks in which the americans are part of is decreasing
A worldwide military and political power
The softpower and hardpower of the US are indicative of its full integration into the process of globalization
The policeman of the world
Global military presence
Political pressure
Membership and dominaion of political-military alliances dating from the Cold War
Their military spendings are above anyone else’s spendings
Geopolitical Rivalry
America’s strategic power is contested by China
In Europe, the United States must come to terms with provocations from Russia
Political failures in the Middle East
In the Middle East, American influence has weakened
However, the United States maintains strong points in the region. They have strong relations with Isreal
Cultural Challenge
Revolts against cultural and economic imperialism
The most powerful country in the world, renowned for being master in art of soft power
Inequalities of wealth is increasing
Certainly, the USA has one of the highest HDI
IV. US Regional Territorial Dynamics
Regional disparities : A territory on the move
The US is a country of contrasts
Empty spaces and densely populated areas
The Sun Belt : Miami sea front
Dense area
Lots of big cities in the north east
US territory is vast
4th national area in the world
Undergoing massive changes
Gravitational centers (traditionally on the East Coast) are moving to the West Coast
From Sunbelt to Megalopolis of desert areas = a land of contrasts
The Northeast : Manufacturing Belt
Steel production
Photographic equipment
Engine production
…
The Northeast : The importance of Services
Banking + finance
Advertising
Media - TV/journalism
Scientific R+D