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Chap 4 : Domestic challellenges in the United States and in France from the 1950s to the 1990s

Table of content

• Chap 4 : Domestic challellenges in the United States and in France from the 1950s to the 1990s
  • I. Borders and Cross-Border Regions
    • Borders
  • II. Types of Borders for the US - Geophysical Approach
    • North : Canadian-American border
    • Case study : Pacific Northwest / Cascadia
  • III. USA-CANADA Border
  • IV. USA MEXICO Border
  • V. Is the North American continent a factor of integration ?
  • Conclusion

I. Borders and Cross-Border Regions

Possible case studies

• Germany : A European power with territories that are unequally integrated in globalization
• Transport in the European Union : a tool for openness, cohesion, and competitiveness
• The common agricultural policy (CAP) : the territorial effects of a European policy

Key concepts

• Border
  • Geophysical border
  • Administrative border
  • Cultural border
  • Economic border
• Cross-border region
• Integration

Borders

Link to related AP Geo quizlet

Border

• An external envelope of a territory, a continuous line which characterizes the appearance of modern Westphalian states
• Limites separating two different territorial entities

Transborder region

• A region that straddles two or more countries

Cross-border mobility

• The movement of people, goods, and services across borders
• The movement of capital and information
• A phenomenon that linked to both sides of a border. It designates the development of a phenomenon that transcends political discontinuity
• It gives birth to a new entity, which intergrates the formerly separate entities into a single entity

II. Types of Borders for the US - Geophysical Approach

Rivers and lakes

• Rivers and lakes are factors that can be used to define borders

North : Canadian-American border

• The border between the United States and Canada is the longest international border in the world
• It is the longest demilitarized border in the world
• Canada and the US have the world’s largest two-way movement of goods, services, people, and capital between two countries
• The border is a factor of integration between the two countries
• More than 1.9 billion $ worth of goods and services cross the border every day

The economy

• Canada-US economic activities are stronger and more involved than any other two countries in the world
• The two countries are each other’s largest trading partners

Social-Cultural Values

• Similar values, beliefs, and ideology facilitate the movement of people and goods across the border
• The two countries share a common language, English, and a common culture

Case study : Pacific Northwest / Cascadia

Economy

• BOEING Company : world’s biggest aerospace entreprise
• Microsoft : One of the main clusters of computer and software development

The region is also home to a number of enterprises that appeal to lifestyle and consumer-culture

Cross-Border collaboration

• The region is home to a number of cross-border institutions
• The Pacific Northwest Economic Region (PNWER) is a regional organization that brings together the states of Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, and the Yukon and Northwest Territories
• In comparison to other major regions in the US, the Pacific Northwest has a high level of cross-border collaboration

Emergence of a tech hub

• Vancouver
• Seattle
  • Amazon
  • Microsoft

Cascadia Innovation Corridor (CIC)

• A cross-border initiative that aims to strengthen the region’s global competitiveness
• The CIC is a partnership between the cities of Vancouver and Seattle, the province of British Columbia, the state of Washington, and the business community
• The CIC aims to strengthen the region’s global competitiveness by fostering innovation and collaboration between the two cities

III. USA-CANADA Border

Cross Border Economic Flows

• The main exchanges are between Michigan and Canada
• Car parts
• Outsourcing
• Ohio - Canada
• Exports to NY are very high, Imports as well
• Manhatten
  • Flows of capital into NY
• Crude oil - Refinery
  • Texas has a heavy oil refinery equipment

Towards constant cooperation and a “smart border” ?

• The US and Canada have a long history of cooperation on border security
• You can request a pass to go through the border with more facility

Cross border economic flows :

Michigan multiple parts of automative industry: Canada local exchange with Michigan for automobile parts.

A look into OHIO =, -Ontario - Car manufacturing : “making things together “ Example of dynamics and relations

Shipment of resources

A look into Canada and NY :

Financial centers there is also going to be a lot of flows of capital New York State borders part of Canada, they have many imports and exports linked.

Texas → trades crude oil with Canada because Texas has the best refinery equipment. This shows transborder dynamics and flows.

The Canada-U.S Border dilemma :

9/11 was a huge issue as everyone wanted to protect themselves from the terrorist attacks. Trying to do a smart border: Specialized agencies to cross borders with preapprove checking,

IV. USA MEXICO Border

Tunnels

• Tunnels are built for illegal border crossing
  • Illegal crossing of
    • Goods (drugs)
    • People (migration)
    • Capital
• These tunnels had elevators, tracks, ventilations…
• 1.3km of tunnels

Infrastructures

• Wall built between the two countries
  • Some people built some swings (balancoires) through the wall, for mexicans and americans to bounce together (yay)

US - Mexico Trade

Southern California

• California-Bafa border region streches for 120 miles along the US-Mexico border

Challenges

• Long and costly border wait times and effects
• Financial effect
  • Several billion $ in output losses and tens of thousands in job losses for the combined US and Mexican economies
• Environmental effect
  • Air quality & greenhouse emissions of vehicules at borders

V. Is the North American continent a factor of integration ?

NAFTA - that giant sucking

• Example of integration in the America

USMCA Pros

• These involve various boosts to productivity and trade within North America, as well as protections for vulnerable individuals and industries.
• Decreased or eliminated tariffs => reduce costs of production

USMCA Cons

Conclusion

Border are not only geographical

• It has an impact on how territories will be organized
• It will create tensions or/and cooperation
• Can’t exist without a state
• Borders are not all integrated in the UN nor recognized

Many border disputes still poison relations between countries that are member of the same community